[1] I am grateful to the Dr. Sebastian de Ferranti Centenary Fund for supporting my research on this topic, and in particular to Sebastian de Ferranti for allowing me access to his firm's archives. [2] For details on this trend, see Richard N. Langlois, Thomas A. Pugel, Carmela S. Haklisch, Richard R. Nelson & William G. Egelhoff, Micro-Electronics: An Industry in Transition, Unwin Hyman (1988), pp.64-100. [3] The phrase 'Electronics War' was used by Sebastian de Ferranti in an interview with the Financial Times, 16 March 1966. [4] For the key Porter references, see Michael E. Porter, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, The Free Press (1980), idem., Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, The Free Press (1985), and idem., The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Macmillan (1990). [5] N. von Tunzelman, `"Convergence" and corporate change in the electronics industry" in A. Gambardella & F. Malerba (eds.), The Organization of Economic Innovation in Europe, Cambridge University Press (1999), Chapter 7. [6] The main source for this is John F. Wilson, Ferranti. A History. Building a Family Business, 1882-1975, Carnegie Publishing (2001). [7] This section is based on Langlois et al., Microelectronics, pp.8-25, Braun, E., 'From transistor to microprocessor', in Forrester, T. (ed.), The Microelectronics Revolution. The Complete Guide to the New Technology and Its Impact on Society, Basil Blackwell (1980), and Golding, A.M., The semiconductor industry in Britain and the United States: a case study in innovation, growth and diffusion of technology', Sussex D.Phil (1971). [8] Golding, The semiconductor industry, pp.60-62. [9] Bell Lab's earned in total £9 million from the Shockley patent. Freeman, C., The Economics of Industrial Innovation, Frances Pinter (1982), p.96. [10] Owen, G., From Empire to Europe. The Decline and Revival of British Industry since the Second World War, HarperCollins (1999), p.256. [11] Quoted in Langlois, R.N., & Steinmuller, W.E., "The evolution of competitive advantage in the worldwide semiconductor industry, 1947-1996', in Mowery, D.C., & Nelson, R.R. (eds.), Sources of Industrial Leadership. Studies of Seven Industries, Cambridge University Press (1999). [12] Fairchild Semiconductors was a specially-created subsidiary of Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corporation. Golding, The semiconductor industry, p.160. [13] For a detailed review of this process, see Saxenian, A-L, Regional Advantage: Culture and Innovation in Silicon Valley and Route 128, Cambridge University Press (1994). [14] This section is based on Langlois et al., Micro-Electronics, p.10. [15] Swann, G.M.P., Quality Innovation. An Economic Analysis of Rapid Improvements in Microelectronic Components, Frances Pinter (1986), pp.72-3. [16] For a more detailed insight into the major innovations, see Golding, The semiconductor industry, p.277. [17] By the 1980s, there was debate about the role of artificial intelligence (AI) marking the emergence of a fifth generation. [18] Golding, The semiconductor industry, pp.134 & 329 & 369. [19] Langlois et al, Micro-Electronics, p.31. [20] This section is based on McCalman, J., The Electronics Industry in Britain, Routledge (1988), pp.23-4. [21] This section is based on the sources quoted in footnote 4, as well as Porter, M.E., "How competitive forces shape strategy', in Mintzberg, H., & Quinn, J.B., (eds.), The Strategy Process. Concepts, Contexts, Cases, Prentice Hall (1988), pp.75-82. [22] Langlois et al, Micro-Electronics, pp.101-27. [23] Von Tunzelman, `"Convergence" and corporate change in the electronics industry'. [24] Owen, From Empire to Europe, pp.289-94. [25] See Thompson, J.L., Strategic Management. Awareness and Change, Chapman & Hall (1994), p.15. [26] Von Tunzelman, `"Convergence" and corporate change in the electronics industry'. [27] Harvey, C., Maclean, M. & Hayward, T., 'From knowledge dependence to knowledge creation: industrial growth and the technological advance of the Japanese electronics industry', Journal of Industrial History, Vol.4 (2001), No.2, pp.1-23. [28] Golding, The semiconductor industry, pp.78-81. [29] CVD was the inter-services committee for the co-ordination of valve development, located within the Ministry of Supply. At that time, CVD was headed by Dr. J. Thomson, a progressive thinker on componentry. [30] Golding, The semiconductor industry, pp.140-48. [31] Sciberras, E., "The UK semiconductor industry', in Pavitt, K. (ed.), Technical Innovation and British Economic Performance, Macmillan (1980), p.77. [32] McCalman, Electronics Industry, p.36. [33] Golding, The semiconductor industry, p.277. [34] For further detail, see Lecuyer, C., Electronic component manufacture and the rise of Silicon Valley, Journal of Industrial History, Vol.5 (2002), No.1, pp.25-47. [35] Saxenian, Regional Advantage. [36] See Aris, S., Arnold Weinstock and the Making of GEC, Aurum Press (1998), and Brummer, A., & Cowe, R., Weinstock: The Life and Times of Britain's Premier Industrialist, HarperCollins (1998). [37] McCalman, Electronics Industry, pp.31-2. [38] Sciberras, UK semiconductor industry, pp.67-8. [39] Much of this section is based on Wilson, Ferranti. A History, especially pp.449-71. I am also indebted to Dr. A.A. Shepherd for his comments on the Ferranti experience with microelectronics. [40] Schein, E.H., Organisational Culture and Leadership, Tavistock Press (1985), p.210. [41] For a discussion of the 'Organic' form, see Burns, T., & Stalker, G.M., The Management of Innovation, Tavistock Press (1961). [42] Ibid., pp.49-58. [43] In fact, £49,000 had been spent in 1954-55. [44] Golding, Semiconductor Industry, pp.211-2. Sciberras, UK Semiconductor industry', pp.68-70, is equally convinced that Ferranti led the European microelectronics industry. [45] Golding, Semiconductor industry, p.211. [46] Financial Times, 9 Nov. 1966. [47] Sciberras, UK semiconductor industry, p.82 [48] Sciberras, UK semiconductor industry, p.82. [49] Quoted in Aris, GEC, p. 147. (--->top)